{"id":70,"date":"2009-05-15T13:42:48","date_gmt":"2009-05-15T13:42:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/imediata.org\/?p=70"},"modified":"2009-05-15T13:50:43","modified_gmt":"2009-05-15T13:50:43","slug":"sobre-seguranca-e-terror","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imediata.org\/?p=70","title":{"rendered":">>Sobre seguran\u00e7a e terror, por Giorgio Agamben"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"null\"
\nPor Giorgio Agamben <\/strong>
\nFonte: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung<\/em> de 20\/11\/2001, via http:\/\/libcom.org\/library<\/a><\/p>\n

Tradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Ag\u00eancia Imediata <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cPodemos dizer que a pol\u00edtica trabalha secretamente no sentido da produ\u00e7\u00e3o de emerg\u00eancias.\u201d Breve artigo escrito como resposta aos ataques do 11 de setembro, pelo fil\u00f3sofo Giorgio Agamben, publicado pelo Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung em 20 de setembro de 2001. <\/p>\n

A seguran\u00e7a como princ\u00edpio condutor da pol\u00edtica de estado remonta ao nascimento do estado moderno. Ela \u00e9 j\u00e1 mencionada por Hobbes como o oposto do medo, o qual compele os seres humanos a se reunirem ao interior de uma sociedade. Mas s\u00f3 no s\u00e9culo dezoito a id\u00e9ia de seguran\u00e7a adquire um sentido pr\u00f3prio. Numa confer\u00eancia de 1978 no Coll\u00e8ge de France (ainda a ser publicada), Michel Foucault mostrou como a pr\u00e1tica pol\u00edtica e econ\u00f4mica dos fisiocratas op\u00f5e seguran\u00e7a \u00e0 disciplina e \u00e0 lei, como instrumentos de governo. <\/p>\n

Turgot e Quesnay, assim como os funcion\u00e1rios fisiocratas do governo, n\u00e3o estavam preocupados principalmente com a preven\u00e7\u00e3o da fome ou a regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o da produ\u00e7\u00e3o, mas queriam permitir o seu desenvolvimento para, em seguida, regulamentarem e \u201cassegurarem\u201d suas conseq\u00fc\u00eancias. Enquanto o poder disciplinar isola territ\u00f3rios, impedindo-lhes a passagem, as medidas de seguran\u00e7a levam a uma abertura e \u00e0 globaliza\u00e7\u00e3o; enquanto a lei quer prevenir e regular, a seguran\u00e7a interv\u00e9m atrav\u00e9s de processos cont\u00ednuos, com o fim de dirigi-los. Em poucas palavras, a disciplina quer produzir ordem, a seguran\u00e7a quer regular a desordem. Como as medidas de seguran\u00e7a podem funcionar somente dentro de um contexto de liberdade de tr\u00e1fego, com\u00e9rcio e iniciativa individual, Foucault mostra que o desenvolvimento da seguran\u00e7a acompanha as id\u00e9ias do liberalismo. <\/p>\n

Hoje nos deparamos com desenvolvimentos extremos e muito perigosos quanto \u00e0 id\u00e9ia de seguran\u00e7a. Durante uma \u00e9poca de gradual neutraliza\u00e7\u00e3o da pol\u00edtica e abandono progressivo das tradicionais fun\u00e7\u00f5es do estado, a seguran\u00e7a se torna o princ\u00edpio b\u00e1sico da atividade de estado. O que antes era apenas uma entre v\u00e1rias medidas definitivas de administra\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica, at\u00e9 a primeira metade do s\u00e9culo vinte, agora se torna o \u00fanico crit\u00e9rio de legitimiza\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica. A id\u00e9ia de seguran\u00e7a traz consigo um risco essencial. Um estado que faz da seguran\u00e7a sua \u00fanica tarefa e fonte de legitimidade \u00e9 um organismo fr\u00e1gil; ele \u00e9 sempre pass\u00edvel de ser provocado pelo terrorismo, at\u00e9 se tornar ele mesmo terrorista. <\/p>\n

N\u00e3o devemos esquecer que a primeira importante organiza\u00e7\u00e3o de terror depois da Guerra, a Organisation de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e Secr\u00e8te (OAS), foi estabelecida por um general franc\u00eas que se julgava patriota, convencido de que o terrorismo era a \u00fanica resposta poss\u00edvel ao fen\u00f4meno da guerrilha na Arg\u00e9lia e na Indochina. Quando a pol\u00edtica, assim como entendida pelos te\u00f3ricos da \u201cci\u00eancia pol\u00edtica\u201d do s\u00e9culo dezoito, se reduz \u00e0 pol\u00edcia, a diferen\u00e7a entre estado e terrorismo tende a desaparecer. No fim das contas, a seguran\u00e7a e o terrorismo acabam formando um mesmo sistema letal, no qual um justifica e legitimiza as a\u00e7\u00f5es do outro. <\/p>\n

O risco n\u00e3o \u00e9 meramente o desenvolvimento de uma cumplicidade clandestina de oponentes, mas de que a busca por seguran\u00e7a leva a um mundo de guerra civil que torna imposs\u00edvel qualquer tipo de coexist\u00eancia civil. Na nova situa\u00e7\u00e3o criada pelo fim da forma cl\u00e1ssica de guerra entre estados soberanos, fica evidente que a seguran\u00e7a encontra a sua finalidade na globaliza\u00e7\u00e3o: implicando a id\u00e9ia de uma nova ordem planet\u00e1ria global, a qual \u00e9, na verdade, a pior de todas as desordens. <\/p>\n

Mas h\u00e1 ainda outro perigo. Como elas requerem uma refer\u00eancia constante a um estado de exce\u00e7\u00e3o, as medidas de seguran\u00e7a trabalham no sentido de uma crescente despolitiza\u00e7\u00e3o da sociedade. A longo prazo, as medidas de seguran\u00e7a s\u00e3o irreconcili\u00e1veis com a democracia. <\/p>\n

Nada \u00e9 mais importante que a revis\u00e3o do conceito de seguran\u00e7a como princ\u00edpio b\u00e1sico da pol\u00edtica de estado. Os politicos europeus e americanos finalmente devem levar em considera\u00e7\u00e3o as conseq\u00fc\u00eancias catastr\u00f3ficas do uso geral e n\u00e3o cr\u00edtico dessa id\u00e9ia. N\u00e3o \u00e9 que as democracies deveriam parar de se defenderem mas, talvez, que tenha chegado a hora de se trabalhar no sentido de se prevenir a desordem e a cat\u00e1strofe, e n\u00e3o meramente de se procurar control\u00e1-las. Ao contr\u00e1rio, podemos dizer que a pol\u00edtica trabalha secretamente no sentido da produ\u00e7\u00e3o de emerg\u00eancias. \u00c9 fun\u00e7\u00e3o da pol\u00edtica democr\u00e1tica a de prevenir o desenvolvimento de condi\u00e7\u00f5es que levam ao \u00f3dio, ao terror e \u00e0 destrui\u00e7\u00e3o, e n\u00e3o apenas se limitar a tentativas de controlar esse fen\u00f4menos depois que tenham ocorrido. <\/p>\n

In English:
\nOn security and terror – Giorgio Agamben
\nGiorgio Agamben
\nhttp:\/\/libcom.org\/library\/on-security-and-terror-giorgio-agamben<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

“We can say that politics secretly works towards the production of emergencies.” A short article written in response to the 9-11 attacks by the philosopher Giorgio Agamben published in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung [Frankfurt general newspaper] September 20, 2001. <\/p>\n

Security as leading principle of state politics dates back to the the birth of the modern state. Hobbes already mentions it as the opposite of fear, which compels human beings to come together within a society. But not until the 18th century does a thought of security come into its own. In a 1978 lecture at the Coll\u00e9ge de France (which has yet to be published) Michel Foucault has shown how the political and economic practice of the Physiocrats opposes security to discipline and the law as instruments of governance. <\/p>\n

Turgot and Quesnay as well as Physiocratic officials were not primarily concerned with the prevention of hunger or the regulation of production, but wanted to allow for their development to then regulate and “secure” their consequences. While disciplinary power isolates and closes off territories, measures of security lead to an opening and to globalization; while the law wants to prevent and regulate, security intervenes in ongoing processes to direct them.In short, discipline wants to produce order, security wants to regulate disorder. Since measures of security can only function within a context of freedom of traffic, trade, and individual initiative, Foucault can show that the development of security accompanies the ideas of liberalism. <\/p>\n

Today we face extreme and most dangerous developments in the thought of security. In the course of a gradual neutralization of politics and the progressive surrender of traditional tasks of the state, security becomes the basic principle of state activity. What used to be one among several definitive measures of public administration until the first half of the twentieth century, now becomes the sole criterium of political legitimation. The thought of security bears within it an essential risk. A state which has security as its sole task and source of legitimacy is a fragile organism; it can always be provoked by terrorism to become itself terroristic. <\/p>\n

We should not forget that the first major organization of terror after the war, the Organisation de l\u00b9Arm\u00e9e Secr\u00e8te (OAS), was established by a French general, who thought of himself as a patriot, convinced that terrorism was the only answer to the guerrilla phenomenon in Algeria and Indochina. When politics, the way it was understood by theorists of the “science of police” in the eighteenthe century, reduces itself to police, the difference between state and terrorism threatens to disappears. In the end security and terrorism may form a single deadly system, in which they justify and legitimate each othetrs actions. <\/p>\n

The risk is not merely the development of a clandestine complicity of opponents, but that the search for security leads to a world civil war which makes all civil coexistence impossible. In the new situation created by the end of the classical form of war between sovereign states it becomes clear that security finds its end in globalization: it implies the idea of a new planetary order which is in truth the worst of all disorders. <\/p>\n

But there is another danger. Because they require constant reference to a state of exception, measure of security work towards a growing depoliticization of society. In the long run they are irreconcilable with democracy. <\/p>\n

Nothing is more important than a revision of the concept of security as basic principle of state politics. European and American politicians finally have to consider the catastrophic consequences of uncritical general use of this figure of though. It is not that democracies should cease to defend themselves: but maybe the time has come to work towards the prevention of disorder and catastrophe, not merely towards their control. On the contrary, we can say that politics secretly works towards the production of emergencies. It is the task of democratic politics to prevent the development of conditions which lead to hatred, terror, and destruction and not to limits itself to attempts to control them once they have already occurred. <\/p>\n

Translated by Soenke Zehle.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Por Giorgio Agamben Fonte: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung de 20\/11\/2001, via http:\/\/libcom.org\/library Tradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Ag\u00eancia Imediata \u201cPodemos dizer que a pol\u00edtica trabalha secretamente no sentido da produ\u00e7\u00e3o de emerg\u00eancias.\u201d Breve artigo escrito como resposta aos ataques do 11 de setembro, pelo fil\u00f3sofo Giorgio Agamben, publicado pelo Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung em 20 de setembro de 2001. A seguran\u00e7a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-70","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lance-de-dados"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imediata.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imediata.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imediata.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imediata.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imediata.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=70"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/imediata.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imediata.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=70"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imediata.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=70"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imediata.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}